Although the descending aorta is positioned to the left of the body's midline, it gradually descends to directly in front of the vertebral column at the left of the 67th thoracic vertebra. The portion of the descending aorta above the diaphragm is called the thoracic aorta, and gives off branches into the thoracic wall. These branches, the bronchial, pericardial, and esophageal arteries, supply blood to the organs for which they were named. Below the diaphragm, the descending aorta becomes the abdominal aorta and stems off into branches that reach the abdominal wall and various tissues and organs of the abdomen.
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Blood Flow through the Heart
Deoxygenated blood returning from the body first enters the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava . The blood enters the right atrium and is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk .
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The brachiocephalic trunk is another word for the brachiocephalic artery. The brachiocephalic artery supplies blood to the tissues of the brain and the head. It is the first branch of the aortic arch and rises up to a point near the junction of the sternum (breast bone) and the right clavicle (collarbone). At this point, it divides, giving rise to the common carotid artery, which carries blood to the right side of the neck and head, and the right subclavian artery, which leads to the right arm.
The left brachiocephalic vein takes blood from the left side of the head and brain back to the heart from the subclavian vein.
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Three major arteries branch off from the superior arterial wall of the aortic arch to supply blood to the tissues of the superior regions of the body: the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic trunk is the first artery to arise from the aortic arch, carrying blood to the right arm and the right side of the head and neck. Next to branch from the aorta.
Pericardium
The heart sits within a fluid-filled cavity called the pericardial cavity. The walls and lining of the pericardial cavity are a special membrane known as the pericardium. Pericardium is a type of serous membrane that produces serous fluid to lubricate the heart and prevent friction between the ever beating heart and its surrounding organs. Besides lubrication, the pericardium serves to hold the heart in position and maintain a hollow space for the heart to expand into when it is full. The pericardium has 7 layers - a visceral layer that covers the outside of the heart and a parietal layer that forms a sac around the outside of the pericardial cavity.
The left atrium contracts to pump blood through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta. From the aorta, blood enters into systemic circulation throughout the body tissues until it returns to the heart via the vena cava and the cycle repeats.
The pulmonary trunk carries blood to the lungs where it releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen. The blood in the lungs returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins . From the pulmonary veins, blood enters the heart again in the left atrium.
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