At the heart of this chain of thought is a trivial conversation in my office where Andrew, who was peering into his laptop otherwise, made a comment on how easy we have it with most of the research papers being published in English. Me and Stefania chimed in, in agreement. To my knowledge, this group of casual chit-chatters had a cumulative knowledge of at least seven languages: Hindi, Bengali, French, Spanish, Italian, Sanskrit (at least in principle) and of course, English. But even though we mutually tease each other's accents time and again, I and Stef were in no doubt, supportive of Andrew's sense of relief in our being able to read most of the relevant research articles in English.
But why is it indeed, that most (all) of the scientific literature we refer to, are actually in English? Why is it that English was chosen as the language of the free-thinking world?
In the book (and the movie) 'Angels and Demons', Professor Langdon and Vittoria Vetra stumble upon the clue in a Miltonian poem in Galileo's Diagramma Della Verita and Langdon explains how English was the lingua franca of free thinkers like Newton and Chaucer, as it was too common and vulgar to be used by the clergy and their preachings. I believe its rather quite the modern thinking about the language that Dan Brown adopted to use as a deus ex machina to keep Langdon's Harvard credentials in perspective. To understand English's dominance, we'd have to take a little trip through history.
English, a Germanic language (in contrast to the Romance languages like French, Spanish, Portuguese), would have been restricted to the British Isles had the mighty empire did not set sail for far away lands. (But so did the Spanish and the Portuguese, and we will come to that later). Having first hand experience of India's history, we've been taught that the British came with the sole goal of trade. Trade of spice, and maybe some other things. But the expansionists that they were, the moment their trade interfered in the local trade dynamics, they annexed province after province to exact their intentions. English, as a language had gotten in so deep into the very commercial, administrative and educational vein of the country that long after the British left the south Asian colony, the language persisted. Actually, it rather thrived in an automated elitist practice of self-preservation, and look where I sit now.
And let's not forget how few of the British Islanders having had enough of English football and Earl Grey, crossed the Atlantic and settled to form what would grow on to become the First World Order, to start their own form of football and take the world at storm with their brand of Starbucks.
But then, like I mentioned earlier, the Portuguese and the Spanish had set sail earlier and they had settled to realms farther away than did the British. So evidently, in what's as close as the 19th century, French was the most spoken language internationally - which is why the term for the 'most spoken common language' is still the French phrase lingua franca.
Anyway, as I was saying, English wasn't even the dominant language of science by 1900. It was German. (Ach-fuckin'-tung baby!) Latin, before that. (Because Naja naja is not a Bollywood song!) And before Latin, was perhaps Greek, as the earliest form of a scientific thought of any kind. (Socrates: has anyone ever seen the iris in his eye, btw? All his statues seem to only have creepy hollow eyes!)
Scientists and Philosophers such as Galileo published in their native language, which curiously, was mostly Latin. Then perhaps as a reaction to the Protestant Reformation that marked a declining influence of the Catholic church, German came to the fore. This was predominantly consistent till the advent of the first great war - the World War I. By the end of the war, most Western European researchers founded scientific unions and organizations where German scientists were simply boycotted because of their political leanings.
And if you think that was rather bullish of them, German remained banned and criminalized in 23 states of the USA, till as recently as 1923 when the Supreme Court finally over-turned the law. So by World War II, a whole generation of American scientists were strictly Anglo-centric. At the same time, the cultural and political environment in Germany wasn't very fostering either. By 1933, the German government dismissed a big chunk of the nation's physics, math and biology faculty when they banned Jews and socialists. Great European scientists like Albert Einstein and Jon von Neumann thus, migrated to the USA.
And it was the World War II that finally struck the defining hammer on the nail of the coffin that now houses the German influence over Science.
Some of the papers I found through Pubmed are listed below. Last one, I literally converted them in English to read it's abstract. (Long live the Internet and thus, Net Neutrality).
- Dinkel, A., Berth, H., Borkenhagen, A., & Brähler, E. (2004). On raising the international dissemination of German research: Does changing publication language to english attract foreign authors to publish in a German basic psychology research journal? Experimental Psychology, 51(4), 319–328.
- Falagas, M. E., Fabritsi, E., Chelvatzoglou, F. C., & Rellos, K. (2005). Penetration of the English language in science: the case of a German national interdisciplinary critical care conference. Critical Care, 9(6), 655–656.
- Beller, F. K. (2000). Die Zukunft der deutschen Sprache in der Wissenschaft. Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch, 40(1):50-4.
Having English as the global language for science, with the slow weeding out of a number of other languages in this field, I hereby ask you this: Is it being used as a barrier for innovation and free thinking?
We have seen in the past that the Romance languages were rather the very pioneers of art - and here, I am emphasising the categorization of science as an art. Socrates, worked out his science in Greek. Ramanujan did his math in Sanskrit, Einstein was in fact terrible in English - hell, he was actually dyslexic! Imagine him having to sit through a TOEFL exam (worse still, GRE)! I am willing to wager in his failing to get a high grade in all those now-universal tests of English speaking ability. Where, how and when would we have had him then, I wonder. Do you think Ramanujan would've been able to pay for the fees that they charge for you to sit at one of those tests? That's an obvious instance of discrimination against probable geniuses, right there.Also, speaking of an instance more nearer to home, a Chinese friend of mine had some difficulty in qualifying the English speaking standards that our department had set for the international students. It might seem rather silly for people like me, who come from a predominantly English speaking nation. But you have to understand that the Chinese have a language that they use to have separate words for everything - so as to say that they don't call oxygen, oxygen. They don't call a test tube, a test tube. They don't call.. well, you get the flow. Does this mean that English is being rather divisive to those who don't speak it?
Well, personally, I would disagree - but only to a certain extent. I think of all the other languages used to describe science, English has been the most accommodating. Think of the word 'oxygen'. It was a French word, coined late in the 18th century, that the English simply borrowed. The word 'permafrost'. Russian (because let's face it, it gets really really cold out there), and only borrowed into the English lexicon.
While English is going rather out of it's way to maintain democracy in the choice of words used to describe everyday science, German goes out of it's way to coin it's own words. Imagine using 'sauerstoff'' instead of oxygen. More importantly, there isn't any scientific thought involved that went into the coining of this new word. They translated the word quite literally: sauerstoff stands for sour (or acid) substance. And there we were thinking the shitty Google translate was a modern invention!
Whatever be the case, to sum it all up, I would say that not publishing in English would perhaps take you nowhere in today's academia. It has it's pros and also cons about it. So where do we draw the line? Guess it's too big for us to control.
P.S. I would love to ramble on about this, but there's a brilliant hooting I hear from right outside my room. I guess I'll go check out the owl responsible for that. She sounds downright gorgeous!
