Moral ProgressThe predominant theme that piqued my interest this year is the field of ‘Moral Psychology’. From ideas of self-identity, to empathy, to the evolution of morality and lot else, the field opened me to a new world of ideas on the foundations of our moral lives.
• Ancient Greeks and Romans are the earliest champions of the cause of political liberty and equality at their home (if not abroad). They debated, argued and philosophized on issues of citizenry, rights, equality, etc. Despite this prevalent intellectual tradition, slavery was commonplace in ancient Greece & Rome. Fast forward to the 19th century. John Stuart Mill, the influential British philosopher and economist, argued for radical political ideas like: individual liberty, abolition of slavery, equality of women, etc. In stark contrast to his other views, he was deeply racist and prejudiced in the sense that he favored colonialism in countries like India, where he believed the inhabitants to be barbaric and not capable of self-rule. What explains these paradoxes? Ancient Greeks did not see slavery as a case of injustice. Rather, justice arose as a question only among those who were not slaves (Lane, 2014). Similarly, JC Mill’s support of a retrograde idea like ‘benevolent despotism’ shows the possibility of fallibility of thought even among progressive people. The two cases also illuminate that ideas of morality are not static or etched in stone. Views that are deeply held and considered as moral today might be looked down by people in the future as immoral, prejudiced, simplistic, and misguided (Guerrero, 2014). And they perhaps might even be right about it.
• How then does civilization achieve Moral progress, if even the smartest among us are fallible to poor logic and parochialism? Should empathy be our primary instrument to achieve moral progress? Steven Pinker and Rebecca Goldstein (in their 2012 TED presentation) deconstruct the better of angel of our nature that causes moral progress, thus:
“Empathy is a feeble instrument
for making moral progress.For one thing, it's innately biasedtoward blood relations, babiesand warm, fuzzy animals.As far as empathy is concerned,ugly outsiders can go to hell…Reason has muscle.It's reason that provides the push to widenthat circle of empathy….Contradictions bother us,at least when we're forced to confront them,which is just another way of sayingthat we are susceptible to reason.And if you look at the history of moral progress,you can trace a direct pathway from reasoned argumentsto changes in the way that we actually feel.Time and again, a thinker would lay out an argumentas to why some practice was indefensible,irrational, and inconsistent with values already held.Their essay would go viral,get translated into many languages,get debated at pubs and coffee houses and salons,and at dinner parties,and influence leaders, legislators,popular opinion.Eventually their conclusions get absorbedinto the common sense of decency,erasing the tracks of the original argumentthat had gotten us there.”ScarcityAnother idea that captivated me recently is the use of behavioral economics to understand why poor people stay poor. There is a tendency to attribute poverty to people’s choices or their personalities, and not see it as a consequence of the circumstances they live in. Dr. Kaushik Basu remarked recently that: “there can be no distinction [with regard to inequality] on the lines of hard-working babies and lazy babies”. Sendhil Mullainathan & Eldar Shafir (professors at Harvard & Princeton University respectively) in their book “Scarcity” explain the reason why poor people stay poor. They deploy the notion of scarce ‘mental bandwidth’ as the primary reason why poor people (and most of us) make bad choices. They argue that scarcity “makes us dumber” (i.e. lowers IQ points). Poor people, therefore, are not inherently dumb, immoral or demotivated. Rather, their constant pursuit to make ends meet constrains their bandwidth to reason through other choices in their life. Like sending their kids to school, borrow money from a moneylender, buy fertilizers, etc.
This idea is humbling because the people with abundance are fortunate, in a sense, to have been part of a familial or cultural system that grants sufficient mental bandwidth to make the right choices and reach for higher pursuits in life.
IdentityI have always found it puzzling as to how people perceive intuitively the notion of identity, both as self and other. From selling iPads, to detergents, to movies, to communal violence, identity is a potent ingredient. Further, lacing identity with the notion of morality adds a new layer of complexity. Other intriguing questions include: Are our self-identities static as most of us tend to believe? What is fundamental to the notion of self – is it memories as we commonly tend to believe?• I have long held this view that people don’t change. The idea was comforting, for it grants a strange sense of authenticity to who we are. But, as I recently discovered, I was wrong! Dan Gilbert (Professor Psychology, Harvard), based on his research, arguesthat people vastly underestimate how much their values, personalities and preferences change over time. He attributes this tendency to underestimate change more as our inability to imagine our future self than the unlikelihood of change actually happening.
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If we are all so susceptible to change, then what is it that remains fundamental to who we are? In other words, what is the substrate of our identity? Most of us tend to think that memories fundamentally constitute who we are and stripped of them, we would lose our sense of self. But Nina Strohminger (Psychologist at Duke University) makes an interesting argument, dispelling these popular notions:“If people have an essence that lends them their identity, memory might not be the most promising candidate… The single most important mental trait in judging self-identity is one’s deeply held moral convictions. We are not only concerned with moral character when constructing an identity for others, but when doing so for ourselves.”
Identity, as she argues, is an evolutionary design which helps us distinguish members of a society. Why would we need to do distinguish members of a society in the first place? To perpetuate shared values and humanity, “for reciprocal altruism and punishment”. Therefore,“It’s not that identity is centered around morality. It’s that morality necessitates the concept of identity, breathes life into it, provides its raison d’être. If we had no scruples, we’d have precious little need for identities.”
Sociological ImaginationThe idea of “Sociological Imagination” proposed by C. Wright Mills (in 1959), is another fascinating work that I stumbled across this year. Mills provides an excellent framework for conducting social analysis & understanding social outcomes. The sociologically imagination, says Mills, insists on understanding people in terms of the intersection of their own lives (their biographies) and their larger social and historical context (in history). He also exhorts us to see the interconnections between personal ‘troubles’ and public ‘issues’ to really understand the underlying the structural problem plaguing the society. For example, he takes the case of marriage and argues thus:“Inside a marriage a man and a woman may experience personal troubles, but when the divorce rate during the first four years of marriage is 850 out of every 1,000 attempts, this is an indication of a structural issue having to do with the institutions of marriage and the family and other institutions that bear upon them… In so far as the family as an institution turns women into darling little slaves and men into their chief providers and unweaned dependents, the problem of a satisfactory marriage remains incapable of purely private solution.”
