With the formation of the Comintern, the socialist movement was divided into two sections - socialist and communist. There were many differences between them on the methods of bringing about socialism and about the concept of socialism itself. Despite these differences, socialism became one of the most widely held ideologies within a few decades after its emergence. The spread of the influence of socialist ideas and movements after the First World War was in no small measure due to the success of the Russian Revolution.
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The fall of the Czar is known as the February Revolution because, according to 5ld Russian calendar, it occurred on 77 February 6967. The fall of the Czar, however, marked only the beginning of the revolution.
Old NCERT World History Ch11: Russian Revolution, USSR
Industrialization began very late in Russia, in the second half of the nineteenth century. Then it developed at a fairly fast rate, but more than half of the capital for investment came from foreign countries. Foreign investors were interested in quick profits and showed no concern for the conditions of workers. Russian capitalists, with insufficient capital, competed with foreign investors by reducing workers 8767 wages. Whether factories were owned by foreigners or Russians, the conditions of work were horrible. The workers had no political rights and no means of gaining even minor reforms. The words of Marx that workers have 8766 nothing to lose but their chains 8767 rang literally true to them
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There were many peasant rebellions in Russia before the nineteenth century but they were suppressed. Many Russian thinkers had been influenced by developments in Western Europe and wanted to see similar changes in Russia. Their efforts had helped to bring about the abolition of serfdom. This, however, turned out to be a hollow victory. The hopes of gradual changes in the direction of constitutional democratic government were soon shattered and every attempt at gradual improvement seemed to end in failure. In the conditions that existed in Russia, even a moderate democrat or reformer had to be a revolutionary. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, there was a movement known as 8766 going to the people 8767 when intellectuals started preaching their ideas to the peasants.
The Russian Czars had built a vast empire by conquest of diverse nationalities in Europe and Asia. In these conquered areas, they imposed the use of the Russian language and tried to belittle the cultures of the people of these areas. Also, Russia 8767 s imperialist expansion brought her into conflicts with other imperialist powers. These wars further exposed the hollowness of the czarist state.
UPSC has included World History in General studies (Mains) syllabus from 7568. Hence Old NCERT, particularly Chapter 9 to 68 from Class 65= becomes necessary as the 'foundation/base material' for the topics of World History. But for non-Delhi candidates, it is almost impossible to get that book, because NCERT changed syllabus, hence book is no longer printed. Therefore I'm uploading the chapters one by one. And, just because these chapters are uploaded, doesn't mean I'm stopping my Jack Sparrow series on [World History], it will continue at its own pace.
The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, popularly known as Lenin. He is regarded as one of the greatest leaders of the socialist movement after Marx and Engels. He devoted himself to the task of organizing the Bolshevik Party as an instrument for bringing about revolution. His name has become inseparable from the Revolution of 6967. The Russian socialists, including Plekhanov and Lenin, had played an important part in the Second International
Besides the Menshevik and the Bloshevik parties, which were the political parties of industrial workers, there was the Socialist Revolutionary Party which voiced the demands of the peasantry. Then there were parties of the non-Russian nationalities of the Russian empire which were working to free their lands from colonial oppression.
The Russian state under the Czars was completely unsuited to the needs of modern times Czar Nicholas II, in whose reign the Revolution occurred, still believed in the divine right of kings. The preservation of absolutism was regarded by him as a sacred duty. The only people who supported the Czar were the nobility and the upper layers of the clergy. All the rest of the population in the vast Russian empire was hostile. The bureaucracy that the Czars had built was top heavy, inflexible and inefficient, the members being recruited from amongst the privileged classes rather than on the basis of any ability.
My optional is geography,
plz suggest from where to start nd where to end.
or if you have already explained ,then provide me the link..
